右江流域水生态补偿机制研究初探

为保护右江流域生态环境,协调郁江乃至珠江上下游各方经济利益,更好的激励上游地区生态环境保护行为,通过分析右江流域水生态现状、存在问题、现有生态补偿政策环境及其在郁江流域、珠江流域中的地位和作用,利用外部性理论,分析提出了右江流域水生态补偿模式。通过对标对表有关生态保护规划和区划成果,立足百色市实际,提出了右江流域水生态补偿内容、补偿主客体、补偿标准和补偿方式,初步构建右江流域水生态补偿机制框架,并提出有针对性的补偿政策建议,为水生态补偿实施提供了参考。     

沅水银鮈年龄与生长的研究

基于2016年3月至2017年3月采自沅水支流無水的137尾样本,使用耳石和鳞片为年龄鉴定材料,对银鮈(Squalidus argentatus)的年龄结构和生长特征进行了研究。结果显示:研究样本体长范围为40~115 mm,优势体长组为60~100 mm(占86.1%);体重范围为1.1~23.6 g,优势体重组为3~12 g(占77.4%);共4个年龄组,1龄和2龄为优势年龄组(占93.2%)。体长和耳石半径为直线正相关,L=-9.062+258.896×R(n=132,r2=0.773);体长-体重关系方程为:W=8.557×10~(-6)×L3.134(r2=0.974,n=137),银鮈为异速生长鱼类;以退算体长拟合的von Bertalanffy方程为:Lt=177.7(1-e-0.235(t+0.193))(r2=0.909),Wt=96.1(1-e-0.235(t+0.193))3.13。估算的拐点年龄为4.7龄,对应的体长体重分别为120.9 mm和28.7 g。研究表明耳石是银鮈较好的年龄鉴定材料。沅江银鮈的年龄结构趋于简单,面临较大的捕捞压力,渔业主管部门应为保护其种质资源制定相应的措施。     

杂交旱稻丰产节水栽培关键技术研究与集成应用

针对安徽沿淮地区气候特点,通过试验筛选出适宜沿淮地区旱种旱管栽培,丰产性和稳产性较好的旱稻品种5个,节水耐旱型水稻品种7个;明确了沿淮地区以旱优73为代表的杂交旱稻的丰产节水栽培技术:播种期6月5-12日,播种量2.0 kg/667 m~2左右,氮肥用量10~14 kg/667 m~2;在施肥过程中适当降低基蘖肥用量、增施穗粒肥,基、蘖、穗肥比例以4∶4∶2较好。     

闽江流域表层沉积物硫化物及重金属生物毒性研究

根据2012—2013年福建省闽江流域富屯溪、建溪和沙溪等支流以及干流7个站位表层沉积物调查数据,对硫化物(AVS)、有机碳及重金属(SEM)等物质进行了研究。结果表明,各站位硫化物两年平均含量在0.461 0~1.814 0μmol·g~(-1)之间,有机碳平均含量在0.76%~1.51%之间,尤溪S5站位硫化物含量明显高于其他站位,与此对应有机碳含量也较高,这与沿岸人类活动的强度有关;闽江干流S7站位硫化物含量最低,主要受水动力特征影响。各站位沉积物重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As)含量基本呈现CuPbAsHgCd的趋势,其中Cu和Pb是主要污染重金属。SEM平均含量在0.47~3.58μmol·g~(-1)之间,金溪S2、古田溪S6站位SEM/AVS(摩尔比值)小于1,重金属潜在生态危害风险较小;其他站位SEM/AVS大于1,生物有效性高,具有潜在的毒性效应。与水体沉积物中金属元素对底栖生物产生毒性效应的阈值比较,单个重金属中Pb和Cd可能产生的生物有效性高于Cu,具有对底栖生物产生毒性效应的潜力。     

基于PSR模型的黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流生态安全评价

基于压力、状态、响应模型(PSR)和层次分析法(AHP),确定17项指标通过数据的标准化处理,指标权重赋值、权重一致性检验、评价等级确定以及评价模型的构建,用生态安全评价黄河陕西段鱼类增殖放流效果,分析生态安全所面临的主要问题。结果表明:黄河陕西段2013年增殖放流生态安全度(ESI)评价等级为Ⅱ级,为良好状态;2014年评价等级为Ⅲ级,处于一般状态;2015年评价等级为Ⅳ级,处于较差状态,属于临界不安全状态以下水平。生态安全形势呈现出逐年下降局势。不安全状态受到影响较大的前3个指标是:黄河径流量变化影响、重要生境保持率和公众资源环境保护意识的影响,3个指标下降值占到下降ESI值的64.93%。其次还受到污水排放达标率、鱼类增殖放流量、政策和管理水平、鱼类生物多样性指数、保护区建设、水质综合污染指数、群落结构等诸多因素影响。研究显示,现阶段增殖放流对黄河生态安全有一定影响,还存在一定提升空间。     

Otolith chemistry indicates walleye movement and entrainment in a large serial reservoir system

Understanding fish movement in impounded river systems is important for fisheries management. Otolith chemistry was used to examine walleye Sander vitreus (Mitchill) intra‐ and inter‐reservoir movement in four Missouri River impoundments. Age‐0 individuals were reclassified with 75%–93% accuracy to known natal sites, allowing for reliable evaluation of movement patterns of age‐1 and older fish. Nearly half of walleye occupied the same location annually (i.e. site residency) between 2009 and 2010. In 2011, during the largest flood on record since 1898, downstream movement (49% of age‐1 and older fish) exceeded upstream movement (7%) and site residency (33%) across the study area. After the flood, most walleye moved downstream within reservoirs (45%) or were site residents (37%). Entrainment occurred most frequently during the flood year and was proportionally greatest in downstream reservoirs. Otolith chemistry is useful for understanding walleye movement and entrainment and is a tool for fisheries management with applications such as informing reservoir water releases, harvest regulations and habitat protection and rehabilitation within and outside the Missouri River reservoir system.     

Pansteatitis in polluted Olifants River impoundments: nutritional perspectives on fish in a eutrophic lake,Lake Loskop,South Africa

This study compares the aetiology of pansteatitis in Lake Loskop, relative to two other impoundments along the Olifants River. Macroscopic and microscopic pathology, age determination and analysis of stomach content, fatty acids and stable isotopes explain the high prevalence of pansteatitis in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and several other species in Lake Loskop. All the dietary indicator comparisons between pansteatitis‐affected and healthy fish fail to support a systemic cause. Pansteatitis in Lake Loskop was linked to size and weight of O. mossambicus, but not to ontogenic age. Fish in Lake Loskop showed abnormally high omega‐3 to omega‐6 fatty acid ratios normally only found in marine fish with no significant difference in degree of assimilation of these fatty acids between pansteatitis‐affected and healthy fish. This explains the vulnerability to, but not the occurrence of, pansteatitis. As a cause for the pansteatitis, these results point towards sporadic vitamin E‐depleting trigger events, known sporadic fish die‐off occurrences that provide surviving fish with a rich source of rancid fats on which to scavenge. The mechanism ties pansteatitis to eutrophication and trophic cascade effects, the intrinsic drivers of the disease and suggests an adaptive management strategy that might be applied by relevant conservation authorities.     

Variation in prey selection and foraging success associated with early‐life ontogeny and habitat use of American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)

Many fishes are planktivorous during early life and switch to piscivory or consume larger food items as ontogeny progresses. In contrast, paddlefish start as particulate feeders and later become filter feeders. Few studies have identified food items essential for paddlefish growth, survival and recruitment surrounding this ontogenetic diet shift. The objectives of this study were to investigate (i) prey types consumed by paddlefish, (ii) variability in prey selection surrounding an ontogenetic diet shift and (iii) whether habitat affected paddlefish prey selection or foraging success. We analysed gut contents of 189 wild age‐0 paddlefish from the middle Mississippi River (MMR) and also conducted a laboratory experiment to address these objectives. We found that paddlefish primarily foraged on benthic macroinvertebrates in the MMR, which differed from previous studies in lentic systems, suggesting young paddlefish prey selection may be labile depending on habitat (i.e., lotic versus lentic). Dominant prey of wild‐caught and experimental age‐0 paddlefish were caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera), followed by hemipterans and amphipods. We found little evidence that habitat attributes affected foraging success, but the most common prey items consumed were associated with wing dike habitat and the upstream and downstream tips of alluvial islands. Our experimental study revealed that if provided a mixture of organisms, age‐0 paddlefish will primarily consume macroinvertebrates while age‐1 paddlefish will mainly filter zooplankton. Overall results suggest young paddlefish prey selection can be highly variable, but also heavily reliant on a narrow group of prey resources.     

基于USLE模型的滹沱河上游黄土区土壤侵蚀空间特征研究

滹沱河是山西省面积较大的支流之一,研究滹沱河上游的土壤侵蚀对于建立山西省生态修复体系具有重要意义。以忻州市滹沱河上游为研究区,以遥感影像数据、数字高程模型数据、降雨数据、土壤类型数据为基础,利用GIS、RS技术,结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE)估算滹沱河上游流域的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明：（1）2015年滹沱河上游的土壤平均侵蚀模数为2538.9 t/(km ²·a),整体属于中等侵蚀水平。土壤侵蚀类型主要为微度侵蚀、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀;（2）随着高程海拔的升高,土壤侵蚀强度加大,土壤侵蚀面积减少,高程与土壤侵蚀强度呈正相关关系,与侵蚀面积呈负相关关系。剧烈侵蚀在各个高程带均有分布,在[500,1000)高程带中,微度侵蚀的面积范围最大;（3）研究区在0—5°带的土壤侵蚀面积分布最大;（4）牧草地的土壤侵蚀分布范围最广,其次分别为耕地>林地>园地>城镇村及工矿用地>水域及水利设施用地>其他土地。研究结论可为政府制定土壤侵蚀治理的技术方法、治理方案以及治理工程类型、规模及布局等提出科学依据。     

Public perceptions of ecosystem services and preferences for design scenarios of the flooded bank along the Three Gorges Reservoir: Implications for sustainable management of novel ecosystems

The newly formed extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir hold great potentials to provide ecosystem services (ESs) for surrounding cities and communities. Conflicting values and conventional management strategies may complicate and inhibit broad-scale decision-making for this novel ecosystem. Public attitudes are a crucial influence in the way this process plays out. This study was conducted to assess how the reservoir bank is perceived by the general public of Chongqing Municipality in terms of importance of riparian ESs, and preference for corresponding landscape design styles through photo-questionnaire interviewing. Although Chongqing citizens know little of the “ecosystem services” concept, they do recognise riparian environmental and ecological benefits especially the bank protection and pollution interception functions, while benefits of habitats for wildlife and flood attenuation were of less concern. Recreational values were least appreciated, which is inconsistent with other studies. This may be attributed to a wider, intensive environmental education in various social media in today’s China. But publicity has been dominated by toxic air, water and soil pollution control rather than the benefits of nature conservation and personal contact with nature. In line with recognition of ESs, there is quite strong preference for the forested design scenario and particularly vegetation components across the socio-demographic spectrum. Overall, socio-demographic variables have very low explanatory power for the perceptual responses. Our study also revealed misunderstandings around riparian functions and a gap between public expectations and special abiotic and biotic prerequisites in restoring novel ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the relevance of this research to urban novel ecosystems in general, and implications for raising public awareness, engaging appropriate public values in sustainable design and management of such ecosystems.